Randomization and complete data on the randomized experimental units are needed for cause-and-effect inference. What happens when that logic is broken?
Category: Estimands
No. 14: Estimands – WHAT Is It All About?
Estimands is the simplest concept with the most difficult implementation. With the release of the final ICH Guideline in Estimands today, this first of several blogs to follow delves into the topic.

